Introduction maternal mortality, also known as maternal death, continues to be the major cause of death among women of reproductive age in many countries and remains a serious public health issue especially in developing countries who, 2007. Maternal mortality is an important health indicator for the overall health of a population. In south africa, there are conflicting reports on the estimates of maternal and neonatal mortality, derived from both direct and indirect estimation techniques. Pdf risk factors for maternal mortality in nigeria.
This study assessed the causes and contributing factors to maternal mortality that occurred in the gazastrip between july 2014 and june 2015. Maternal mortality rate by geographic region, united states, 20032007. Definition of maternal mortality in the definitions. Factors associated with maternal mortality in subsaharan. This is a retrospective study that used both quantitative and qualitative data. Initially updates every 5 year since 1990 by who, unicef, unfpa the world bank joined in 2005. Some facts 85 % women will deliver normally 1015 % women will develop complications 35 % women will need surgical interventions bloodcesarean etc. Selected fulltext books and articles the changing sex differential in mortality by robert d. Maternal death is officially defined by the world health organization 1992. This study determined causes and contributory factors of maternal mortality in ogun statefollowing a periodic statewidematernal and perinatal deaths surveillance and response. A maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or. The effects of education are assumed to predominantly flow through womens cognitive skills, material resources, and autonomy, which should in turn affect their fertility practices and healthcare use, and ultimately.
It also can be considered a near miss for maternal mortality because without identification and treatment, in some cases, these conditions would lead to maternal death. For countries that do not have data, models were developed to estimate mortality. Nearly all of these deaths occur in developing countries, where fertility rates are higher and a. The state of the worlds children 2009 focuses on maternal and neonatal health and identifies the interventions and actions that must be scaled up to save lives. An introduction to maternal mortality, article writing example. Maternal health infectious diseases overview briefer. Maternal death or maternal mortality is defined by the world health organization who as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy or its management but not from accidental or incidental causes. Incidence of maternal sepsis and sepsisrelated maternal. Definitions the consequences of maternal morbidity and. This study was aimed to assess the utilization of institutional delivery. Ppt maternal mortality powerpoint presentation free to. Although some countries have made remarkable progress, half of the maternal deaths in the world still take place in subsaharan africa where little or no progress. It depicts the risk of maternal death relative to the number of live births and essentially captures the risk of death in a single pregnancy or a single live birth. Causes and contributory factors of maternal mortality.
The report provides neonatal and perinatal mortality estimates by country, regional groupings and globally. Maternal mortality definition of maternal mortality by. The estimated lifetime risk of maternal mortality in some developing countries, where 1. Here is a rundown of some of the key terms, with examples to help you tell them apart. Maternal mortality and related concepts pdf icon pdf 488 kb see adjustment of maternal mortality rates for misclassification for graphical representation of data from series 3, number 44.
The pmdf is mdfdra, where fdra is the number of deaths of women of reproductive age. Maternal mortality surveillance is needed to identify and address the factors contributing to poor pregnancy outcomes for women. The 100fold decline of maternal mortality is due to the modern scientific understanding of the cause of maternal mortality and the adoption of practices which appear surprisingly simple in hindsight. Maternal sepsis is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. An autopsy study of maternal mortality in mozambique. Each mothers death or longterm complication is not just an. Pdf a maternal death is defined by the world health organization as the death of a. Reducing maternal mortality and morbidity improving. Target 5areduce by 34, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio. Rationale and scope of strategic objectives for epmm 16. Maternal and perinatal mortality pdf free download.
For example, availability of family planning services may influence womens decisions. Application of the tenth revision of the international classification of diseases icd to deaths during pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium icdmaternal mortality mm divides maternal deaths into direct obstetric deaths ie, deaths resulting from the obstetric complications of pregnancy, interventions, omissions, incorrect treatment, or a chain of events resulting from. Introduction to the analysis of maternal mortality tools. Who guidance for measuring maternal mortality from a census maternal mortality as a global health issue has gained increased recognition over the past two decades, due to its inclusion as a key target indicator in a number of international conferences, such as the 1990 world summit for children, the 1994 international conference on population. List of books and articles about maternal mortality. Nigeria still ranks second globally in the number of maternal deaths. During this century, maternal mortality in the us has fallen dramatically from 900 deaths per 100 000 live births in 1900 to 7. Maternal mortality ratio mmr, per 100 000 live births stratified by mmr level 3 figure 2. By definition, then, maternal mortality must be equal than or greater to abortion mortality. Geographic disparities in maternal mortality during 20032007, the maternal mortality rate varied. Global estimates for causes of maternal mortality 20032009 20 box 1. The maternal and ncd agendas and movements can and should be synergistic. Like maternal mortality, severe maternal morbidity is increasing in the united states 3 6 7.
Information and translations of maternal mortality in the most comprehensive dictionary definitions resource on the web. Some sources will define maternal mortality as the death of a woman up to 42 days after her pregnancy has ended, instead of one year. Definitions of abortion mortality produced by the population research institute note. Every pregnancyrelated death is tragic, especially because about 60% are preventable. Definitions of maternal mortality produced by the population research institute morbidity versus mortality mortality. Trends in maternal and neonatal mortality in south africa. Maternal morbidity or obstetric morbidity as defined above can lead in turn to death. The impact of the pregnancy checkbox and misclassification on maternal mortality trends in the united states, 19992017 pdf icon pdf 2 mb. The sustainable development goal for health sdg 3, which includes maternal and child health as well as premature mortality from ncds, presents an opportunity to implement an integrated approach for women of all ages. Maternal mortality is the probability or percentage of mothers dying as a result of pregnancy related complications or postdelivery complications every year. We derived estimates of maternal mortality for 172 countries over the period 19902008.
Evaluatin h alit ar o ever regnanc omplication the who nearmiss approach for maternal health 5 1. The countries that achieved the lowest maternal mortality ratio are finland, greece, iceland, and poland. Most maternal and neonatal deaths can be averted through proven interventions including adequate nutrition, improved hygiene practices, antenatal care, skilled health workers. Proportion maternal of deaths of women of reproductive age.
Defination maternal death is defined as the death of a woman while pregnant or within 42 days of termination of pregnancy, irrespective of the duration and site of the pregnancy, from any cause related to or aggravated by the pregnancy. One person in a town of a hundred people died from a plague. However, populationbased estimates of maternal sepsis occurring after delivery hospitalization have been limited because previous studies have focused on select populations or have not followed up patients longitudinally. Currently, the unacceptably high levels of maternal mortality are a common subject in global health and development discussions.
Investing in health systems especially in training midwives and in making emergency obstetric care available roundtheclock is key to reducing maternal mortality. Maternal health is one of the major worldwide health challenges. The top leading cause of maternal mortality and morbidity include hemorrhage, infection, high blood pressure, unsafe abortion and obstructed labor. The maternal mortality ratio mmr is defined as the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time. Death due to pregnancyrelated causes is known as maternal mortality or maternal death. Who is supporting countries to deliver integrated, evidencebased and costeffective care for mothers and babies during pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period.
Institutional delivery service utilization assures safe birth and minimizes the maternal morbidity and mortality. The number of registered maternal deaths due to birth or pregnancyrelated complications per 100,000 registered live births. Severe maternal morbidity is associated with a high rate of preventability, similar to that of maternal mortality 7. Download this article as pdf morbidity versus mortality. Can we move from contact only to content and quality. Introduction progress in the reduction of maternal mortality a key millennium development goal has been slow in most countries that have high maternal mortality ratios, and solutions to this global problem are urgently needed 1. An introduction to maternal mortality name institution affiliation course date of submission question 1 yes, the article is informative since it has outlined the issues that are associated with maternal mortality more specifically in developing nations. Global maternal mortality rate the pregnancy related mortality and morbidity ratio is an estimate of the number of pregnancyrelated deaths and complications for every 100,000 live births. Maternal mortality introduction definition determinants prevention 2. Measuring and monitoring progress towards millennium development goals mdg 4 and 5 required valid and reliable estimates of maternal and child mortality. Understanding the determinants of maternal mortality plos.
About 1 in 3 pregnancyrelated deaths occur 1 week to 1 year after delivery. A perusal of pregnancyrelated mortality ratio prmr reported from 1987 to 2011. The latest available key pregnancy related morality data for 2011 is summarized and published at cdc web site. Reducing maternal mortality and morbidity in developing countries. Maternal mortality in the united states, 1935 to 2007. The maternal mortality ratio mmr is defined as the number of maternal deaths during a given time period per 100,000 live births during the same time period. Maternal mortality refers to the death of a woman during her pregnancy or up to a year after her pregnancy has terminated. Since data on deaths come from a number of different sources, the methods used to obtain the estimates are also described. Trends in maternal mortality were estimated either directly from vital registration data or from a hierarchical or multilevel model, depending on the data available for a particular country.
Maternal mortality includes abortion related deaths. Abortion mortality is a subset of maternal mortality. To develop methods for trend analysis of vital statistics maternal mortality data, taking into account changes in pregnancy question formats over time and between states, and to provide. The effects of womens education on maternal health. About 3 in 5 pregnancyrelated deaths could be prevented. Stress, for example, rewires a body and sets the infant up for lifelong. A news item that mistakenly said maternal mortality ratio instead of rate could make a situation in some region sound much worse than it is. A reduce by three quarters, between 1990 and 2015, the maternal mortality ratio. Who guidance for measuring maternal mortality from a census. The sustainable development goals, launched in 2015, include a target for reducing the global maternal mortality ratio to less than 70 per 100,000 live births by 2030.
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